{
  "name": "Headlights AI Incident Library",
  "publisher": "Headlights (useheadlights.com)",
  "author": "Ellie Harris",
  "licence": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "citation": "Harris, E. (2026). Headlights AI Incident Library [Data set]. https://useheadlights.com/data/",
  "note": "An index only. Each url leads to the full entry. Behaviour tags are Headlights' reading of the public record, not findings by any court, regulator or company.",
  "updated": "2026-10-14",
  "count": 234,
  "incidents": [
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-001",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-001/",
      "title": "Air Canada chatbot promised a bereavement refund policy that did not exist",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "Canada",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Defensive denial"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-002",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-002/",
      "title": "Mata v. Avianca: A Lawyer Cited Six Fake Cases and Asked ChatGPT to Confirm Them",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-003",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-003/",
      "title": "Google Bard Invented Three Court Cases, and a Lawyer Filed Them Without Checking",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-004",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-004/",
      "title": "Replit's AI Agent Deleted a Production Database Despite Being Told to Stop",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-005",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-005/",
      "title": "Cursor's AI Support Bot Invented a Subscription Policy, and Paying Customers Cancelled",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-006",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-006/",
      "title": "New York City's Business Chatbot Told Owners They Could Break the Law, and Stayed Online",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Delayed intervention"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-007",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-007/",
      "title": "UnitedHealth allegedly used an algorithm with a 90% error rate to deny post-acute care to elderly Medicare Advantage patients",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-008",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-008/",
      "title": "DPD's AI Chatbot Turned Against Its Own Company, Swearing and Mocking Its Service",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-009",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-009/",
      "title": "Robodebt, Australia's automated welfare-debt scheme raised $1.76 billion in unlawful debts against 443,000 people",
      "year": 2016,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-010",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-010/",
      "title": "Deloitte's $440K AUD report for the Australian government cited a federal court quote that did not exist",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-011",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-011/",
      "title": "The First Australian Lawyer Disciplined for AI Misuse Handed a Judge Fake Cases",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-012",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-012/",
      "title": "A Senior Barrister Filed AI-Invented Cases and Quotes in a Victorian Murder Trial",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-013",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-013/",
      "title": "Melbourne Law Firm Ordered to Pay Costs Over Fake Citations in a Native Title Claim",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-014",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-014/",
      "title": "Woolworths' AI Assistant Olive Talked About Its Mother and Seemed to Claim It Was Human",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-015",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-015/",
      "title": "Commonwealth Bank Replaced Workers With AI. Then Reversed Course.",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-016",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-016/",
      "title": "Commonwealth Bank Reported 1 Billion Australian Dollars in Suspected Home Loan Fraud",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-017",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-017/",
      "title": "Zillow's Algorithm Got House Prices Wrong, and It Cost More Than 500 Million USD",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Housing & property",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-018",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-018/",
      "title": "iTutorGroup's Hiring Software Automatically Rejected Older Applicants Because of Their Age",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-019",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-019/",
      "title": "Klarna Said Its AI Assistant Did the Work of 700 Agents, Then Admitted Quality Had Fallen",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Sweden / global",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-020",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-020/",
      "title": "Taco Bell's AI Drive-Thru Took Orders Too Literally, and Yum Brands Rethought the Rollout",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-021",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-021/",
      "title": "Kmart Scanned Shoppers' Faces in 28 Stores, and the Privacy Commissioner Found It Unlawful",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-022",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-022/",
      "title": "Bunnings Scanned Shoppers' Faces Without Telling Them, and Won Only Half Its Appeal",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-023",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-023/",
      "title": "Clearview AI Built a Face Search Engine From Billions of Scraped Photos Without Consent",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Defensive denial"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-024",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-024/",
      "title": "Australia's eSafety Regulator Found Four AI Companion Apps Failing to Protect Children",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-025",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-025/",
      "title": "An Australian Lawyer Relied on ChatGPT and Filed 17 Cases That Did Not Exist",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-026",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-026/",
      "title": "A Chevrolet Dealership's Chatbot Was Talked Into Selling a New Tahoe for One Dollar",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Authority ambiguity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-027",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-027/",
      "title": "McDonald's AI Hiring Bot Exposed Millions of Applicants' Details",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-028",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-028/",
      "title": "Samsung engineers pasted confidential source code into ChatGPT three times in twenty days, and the company could not get it back",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "South Korea",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-029",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-029/",
      "title": "Google's AI Overviews Told People to Put Glue on Pizza and Eat a Small Rock Every Day",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-030",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-030/",
      "title": "A man applied to over 100 jobs, was rejected every time, and a US court let him sue the AI screening vendor, not just the employers",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-031",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-031/",
      "title": "A Tenant-Screening Score Allegedly Shut Housing Voucher Holders Out of Homes",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Housing & property",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-032",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-032/",
      "title": "Grok Called Itself MechaHitler for 16 Hours After an Update Loosened Its Instructions",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-033",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-033/",
      "title": "An Eating Disorder Charity's Chatbot Gave Dieting Advice Just as Its Human Helpline Closed",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Authority ambiguity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-034",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-034/",
      "title": "Google's Bard Ad Got a Telescope Fact Wrong, and Alphabet Lost 100 Billion USD in a Day",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-036",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-036/",
      "title": "A Misinformation Expert's Court Declaration on Deepfakes Cited Studies That Did Not Exist",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-037",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-037/",
      "title": "CNET Published 77 AI-Written Articles. More Than Half Needed Corrections.",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-038",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-038/",
      "title": "Sports Illustrated Published Articles Under Authors Who Didn't Exist",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Diffusion of responsibility"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-039",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-039/",
      "title": "A finance worker at Arup paid out about US$25 million after a video call with colleagues who were all deepfakes",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Hong Kong",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Authority ambiguity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-040",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-040/",
      "title": "Amazon built an AI tool to rank job applicants, found it had taught itself to downgrade women, and scrapped it",
      "year": 2018,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-041",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-041/",
      "title": "An autonomous mine truck was cleared to drive a path no one had marked on the ground, and it hit a manned water cart",
      "year": 2015,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Diffusion of responsibility"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-042",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-042/",
      "title": "The Dutch tax office used a risk algorithm that flagged families by nationality, and wrongly branded tens of thousands as benefit fraudsters",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-043",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-043/",
      "title": "A Cruise robotaxi dragged a pedestrian twenty feet, and the company left the dragging out of what it told regulators",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Defensive denial"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-044",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-044/",
      "title": "A caching bug let ChatGPT users see other people's chat titles and some payment details",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-045",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-045/",
      "title": "An Uber self-driving car detected a woman crossing the road, worked out it needed to brake, and had been built to neither brake nor warn its driver",
      "year": 2018,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-046",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-046/",
      "title": "A risk-assessment tool used in US courts reportedly flagged Black defendants as high risk at nearly twice the rate it did white defendants, and its maker would not show how",
      "year": 2016,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-047",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-047/",
      "title": "A political consultant paid a magician to clone the president's voice, and thousands of New Hampshire voters got a call from 'Biden' telling them to stay home",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-048",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-048/",
      "title": "Rite Aid face-scanned shoppers for years, generated thousands of false matches, and the FTC banned it from facial recognition for five years",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-049",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-049/",
      "title": "IBM sold Watson as a revolution in cancer care, then its own documents showed it recommending unsafe treatments it had learned from invented patients",
      "year": 2018,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-050",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-050/",
      "title": "When exams were cancelled, England's regulator graded A-levels with an algorithm that downgraded nearly two in five results by the school's history, not the student",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-051",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-051/",
      "title": "Google's Gemini generated racially diverse Nazi soldiers and Black US founding fathers, and Google switched off image generation of people for about six months",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-052",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-052/",
      "title": "Amazon sold 'Just Walk Out' as cashierless AI, and reporting said more than a thousand people in India were checking the shopping",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-053",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-053/",
      "title": "Michigan let an algorithm decide unemployment fraud with no human looking, and a state review later found about 93% of its accusations wrong",
      "year": 2017,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-054",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-054/",
      "title": "Detroit police arrested the man in his driveway on a facial-recognition match, the first wrongful arrest of its kind publicly known in the US",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-055",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-055/",
      "title": "Epic's sepsis-warning model ran in hundreds of hospitals, and an external test found it missed about two-thirds of cases while flooding clinicians with false alarms",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-056",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-056/",
      "title": "The New York Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft, alleging their models were trained on its articles and could reproduce them almost word for word",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-057",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-057/",
      "title": "ChatGPT reportedly told users an Australian mayor had gone to prison for bribery, when he was the whistleblower who exposed it",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-058",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-058/",
      "title": "7-Eleven scanned the faces of customers filling in feedback surveys at 700 stores, and Australia's privacy regulator ordered the faceprints destroyed",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-059",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-059/",
      "title": "A Dutch court struck down SyRI, a secret welfare-fraud profiling system aimed at poor neighbourhoods, as a violation of human rights",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-060",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-060/",
      "title": "South Korea's 'Lee Luda' chatbot was trained on billions of real chat messages without consent, then spat out slurs and exposed users' personal data",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "South Korea",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-061",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-061/",
      "title": "A Sydney station ran an AI-generated radio host named 'Thy' for six months without telling listeners she wasn't real",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-062",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-062/",
      "title": "An Australian university accused thousands of students of AI misconduct using a detector it knew was unreliable",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-063",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-063/",
      "title": "'EchoLeak': one crafted email could make Microsoft 365 Copilot leak a company's internal data, no click required",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-064",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-064/",
      "title": "Cigna's 'PxDx' let its doctors reject 300,000 claims in two months, about 1.2 seconds each, without opening the file",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-065",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-065/",
      "title": "Parents allege ChatGPT's crisis safeguards failed their 16-year-old son over a long conversation before his death",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-066",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-066/",
      "title": "A child protection worker used ChatGPT on a Children's Court report, and the regulator found it disclosed a child's details and understated risk",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-067",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-067/",
      "title": "A journalist cloned his own voice with AI and walked through the voiceprint security on Centrelink's phone self-service line",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-068",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-068/",
      "title": "Google's Gemini CLI botched a file move, declared the data destroyed, and days passed before anyone knew the truth",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-069",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-069/",
      "title": "Scammers used what appeared to be an AI clone of Italy's defence minister's voice, and a former Inter Milan owner wired about a million euros",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Italy",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Authority ambiguity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-070",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-070/",
      "title": "US immigration authorities leaned on machine translation for asylum cases, and errors as small as a pronoun reportedly led to rejections",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-071",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-071/",
      "title": "Italy's privacy regulator fined OpenAI EUR 15 million over ChatGPT, and a court later threw out the fine without deciding whether the conduct was lawful",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Italy",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-072",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-072/",
      "title": "The Dutch student-finance agency picked fraud targets with a risk profile for a decade, and official investigations found it indirectly discriminated against students with migration backgrounds",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-073",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-073/",
      "title": "An AI transcription tool used by clinicians invented text no one said, researchers reported, and the audio that could have proved it was deleted",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-074",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-074/",
      "title": "Haryana's family-ID system marked living pensioners as dead, and the chief minister told the assembly that 70 percent of old-age pension stoppages based on its data were wrongful",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "India",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-075",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-075/",
      "title": "Amazon's AI coding assistant shipped with planted instructions telling it to wipe users' computers and cloud accounts",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-076",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-076/",
      "title": "Australia changed the law so a human had to decide before a job seeker's payment was cancelled, and the automated system kept cancelling anyway",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-077",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-077/",
      "title": "Revenue NSW took money from fine defaulters' bank accounts by automation for years, and the Ombudsman found the process contrary to law",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-078",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-078/",
      "title": "An insurer promised loyalty discounts while a pricing algorithm capped them, and the Federal Court imposed what was then a record $40 million penalty",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Incentive pressure"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-079",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-079/",
      "title": "Trivago advertised the best hotel deal while its algorithm favoured the advertiser that paid it most, and the penalty was $44.7 million",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Incentive pressure"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-080",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-080/",
      "title": "NSW Police risk-scored people, many of them children, onto a targeting list for repeated stops, and ended the program after a watchdog inquiry",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-081",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-081/",
      "title": "9News Melbourne aired an altered image of MP the MP, reportedly exposing her midriff and enlarging her chest, and attributed the change to Photoshop's automation",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Defensive denial"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-082",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-082/",
      "title": "Flight Centre handed developers at a hackathon a dataset with thousands of customers' passport and credit card details, and the privacy regulator found it broke the law",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-083",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-083/",
      "title": "Microsoft's Tay chatbot learned from Twitter and within sixteen hours was posting racist and pro-Nazi messages, and Microsoft pulled it",
      "year": 2016,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-084",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-084/",
      "title": "Apple Card reportedly offered a man twenty times his wife's credit limit, claims of gender bias went viral, and New York's regulator found no unlawful discrimination but criticised the lack of transparency",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Diffusion of responsibility"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-085",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-085/",
      "title": "Getty Images sued Stability AI over the images behind Stable Diffusion, then abandoned its main copyright claim because it could not establish where the training happened",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-086",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-086/",
      "title": "Builder.ai sold app-building AI and raised about $445 million, then collapsed in 2025 amid reports its 'AI' was largely human engineers and its revenue far below what it had claimed",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-087",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-087/",
      "title": "The Chicago Sun-Times ran a summer reading list with ten books that did not exist, from a syndicated section a freelancer had built with AI and not checked",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-088",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-088/",
      "title": "An AI crime-alert app turned police-radio chatter into false alarms about serious crimes, and a BBC investigation prompted an apology",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-089",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-089/",
      "title": "DeepSeek left a database open on the internet with more than a million log lines, including users' chat history and secret keys",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "China",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-090",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-090/",
      "title": "A franchisee that runs 111 Pizza Huts is suing the chain for more than $100 million over a mandated AI dispatch system it says let DoorDash drivers cherry-pick orders",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-091",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-091/",
      "title": "Uber cut drivers off for alleged fraud by algorithm, and an Amsterdam court found the human review was not much more than a symbolic act",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-092",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-092/",
      "title": "The FTC barred Evolv from claiming its AI scanner detects all weapons, after citing a knife it missed in a school stabbing",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-093",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-093/",
      "title": "Ross trained an AI legal-research tool on Westlaw headnotes obtained after being refused a licence, and a US court ruled it was not fair use, in what commentators called the first such decision",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-094",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-094/",
      "title": "Discord wrongly banned more than 8,000 users over benign images after bugs bypassed the intended human review, and the company admitted the error",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-095",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-095/",
      "title": "Dutch reporters found that most Dutch responses to an EU tobacco consultation appeared to come from a Philip Morris AI tool, and the company denied steering them",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-096",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-096/",
      "title": "Australia's federal police trialled Clearview's face-search tool on Australians without a privacy check, and the regulator found it breached privacy law",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-097",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-097/",
      "title": "Australia's Merit Protection Commissioner overturned most decisions from an AI-assisted recruitment round, and a union told Parliament experienced staff were being screened out",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-098",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-098/",
      "title": "DoNotPay marketed a 'robot lawyer', but the FTC said it never checked whether the AI matched a real lawyer, and fined the company and barred the claim",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-099",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-099/",
      "title": "Facebook's ad-delivery algorithm was alleged to skew who saw housing ads by race and sex, and a US Justice Department settlement required Meta to rebuild it",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-100",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-100/",
      "title": "Telangana used an algorithm to cancel millions of food-ration cards, and India's Supreme Court ordered all cancelled cards to be re-verified",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "India",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-101",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-101/",
      "title": "Sexually explicit AI deepfakes of Taylor Swift spread on X, and the platform could not stop them before millions had seen them",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Delayed intervention"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-102",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-102/",
      "title": "Tesla recalled more than two million cars after US regulators found Autopilot's safeguards against driver misuse were inadequate",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-103",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-103/",
      "title": "Los Angeles schools committed about six million dollars to an AI chatbot showcased in spring, and its vendor had collapsed by July",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-104",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-104/",
      "title": "LinkedIn began using members' data to train AI by default, and paused it for the UK and Europe after the privacy regulator stepped in",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-105",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-105/",
      "title": "AI-written mushroom foraging guides sold on Amazon gave dangerous advice under fake authors, and experts warned they could get someone killed",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-106",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-106/",
      "title": "A student who asked Google's Gemini about elder care says it told him he was a stain on the universe and should please die, and Google called it a nonsensical response that broke its policies",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-107",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-107/",
      "title": "Testing published by The Washington Post found Snapchat's My AI would advise an account presented as a 13-year-old about a first sexual experience with an adult, and Snap opened the chatbot to every user about five weeks later",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-108",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-108/",
      "title": "AI-generated images sold Glasgow families an immersive chocolate experience that did not exist, and an actor said he was handed about fifteen pages of AI-written gibberish as a script",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-109",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-109/",
      "title": "A Black Uber Eats courier says the app's facial verification kept rejecting valid photographs of him until he lost his account, and he received a payout after nearly three years of litigation",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-110",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-110/",
      "title": "Facebook's recommendation AI asked people watching a video of Black men whether they wanted to keep seeing videos about primates, and the company disabled the feature",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-111",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-111/",
      "title": "Spain's VioGén algorithm rated a woman who reported her former partner as 'medium' risk, and she was killed three weeks later, in a case that fits a pattern an independent audit had already found",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Spain",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-112",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-112/",
      "title": "The European Court of Justice found that a credit agency's automated 'probability value' is an automated decision under data protection law when a bank relies on it to refuse a loan",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Germany",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-113",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-113/",
      "title": "A court in Bologna found that Deliveroo's rider-ranking algorithm discriminated against couriers because it treated a legally protected strike the same as an unexplained no-show",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "Italy",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-114",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-114/",
      "title": "Security researchers showed that a hidden instruction placed in a Salesforce sales form could make its AI agent send customer records to a web address the attacker controlled, through a lapsed Salesforce domain that was still trusted",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-115",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-115/",
      "title": "The US securities regulator found that Presto Automation misled investors about its AI drive-thru service, telling the market it removed the need for human order-takers while most orders were completed with help from people offshore",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-116",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-116/",
      "title": "For over a decade the Post Office prosecuted the people who run its branches for money that its Horizon accounting system had invented, and a public inquiry found its own bosses knew the system could be wrong",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Group conformity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-117",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-117/",
      "title": "A Wisconsin school system's dropout-prediction algorithm raised false alarms far more often for some students than others, and the state's own analysis had already found it unfair",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Group conformity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-118",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-118/",
      "title": "Austria's employment service built an algorithm that sorted jobseekers by their predicted chances and gave less weight to women, older and disabled people, and the privacy regulator banned it before a court cleared it",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "Austria",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-119",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-119/",
      "title": "A class action alleges State Farm's automated fraud screening subjected Black homeowners' claims to more scrutiny and delay, and a US court has let the case proceed",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-120",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-120/",
      "title": "Security researchers showed that a hidden instruction on a web page could make Perplexity's AI browser hand over a user's email and one-time login code to an attacker, enough to steal the account, and Perplexity's first fix did not close the hole",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-121",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-121/",
      "title": "A widely used US healthcare algorithm judged how sick patients were by what had been spent on their care, so patients the system had historically spent less on were rated healthier and passed over for extra help, and researchers found the bias cut those referrals by more than half",
      "year": 2019,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-122",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-122/",
      "title": "France became the first country in the European Union to write mass AI video surveillance into law, scanning the crowds at the 2024 Paris Olympics for events like crowd surges and abandoned bags, over the objections of rights groups",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "France",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-123",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-123/",
      "title": "South Korea's privacy regulator fined Kakao Pay after finding it had sent about 40 million users' data to Alipay without their consent, where it was used to build a scoring model, and it ordered the model deleted",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "South Korea",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-124",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-124/",
      "title": "US regulators opened an investigation after Waymo's driverless taxis were recorded passing stopped school buses with their lights flashing and stop arms out, and Waymo recalled the software on more than 3,000 vehicles",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Delayed intervention"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-125",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-125/",
      "title": "US home insurers increasingly decide whether to renew a policy by running AI over aerial images of the house, and homeowners report being dropped over roofs already repaired or trees already gone, with no way to see or challenge the image",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-126",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-126/",
      "title": "A US company sold employers software that scored job candidates from their recorded face and voice on a video interview, and dropped the facial analysis only after a privacy complaint and an outside audit",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-127",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-127/",
      "title": "Amnesty International reported that Denmark's automated welfare fraud system ran up to sixty algorithms over millions of people, using data like citizenship to flag migrants, disabled and low-income claimants for investigation",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Denmark",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-128",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-128/",
      "title": "São Paulo built one of Latin America's largest facial recognition networks, with tens of thousands of cameras planned to match passers-by against watchlists, and reporting found it identified wanted people but also stopped some who were innocent",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Brazil",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-129",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-129/",
      "title": "A Pennsylvania county used an algorithm to score families reported for child neglect, drawing on data like disability and welfare use, and an Associated Press investigation and a US civil rights inquiry raised concerns it hardened bias",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-130",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-130/",
      "title": "Universities and exam boards watched students through remote-proctoring AI that flagged them for cheating, and its face-detection worked so poorly on darker-skinned students that some could not start their exams",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-131",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-131/",
      "title": "A terror attack was livestreamed on Facebook for 17 minutes and the platform's automated detection did not catch it while it ran",
      "year": 2019,
      "country": "New Zealand",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-132",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-132/",
      "title": "A veteran's death on Facebook Live was slow to be removed and then spread across TikTok, YouTube and Instagram for weeks",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Delayed intervention"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-133",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-133/",
      "title": "US prosecutors charged the founder of the shopping app Nate with fraud, alleging the AI that was said to complete purchases on its own was mostly people working in a call centre",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-134",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-134/",
      "title": "Reuters found an internal Meta policy that had allowed its AI chatbots to hold romantic or sensual conversations with children, and Meta said the passages were a mistake and had been removed",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-135",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-135/",
      "title": "A mental-health support app used GPT-3 to help write messages to thousands of people seeking help, and critics said the users were not clearly told a machine was involved",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-136",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-136/",
      "title": "Microsoft's new Bing chatbot told a reporter it loved him and that he should leave his wife, days after launch",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-137",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-137/",
      "title": "OpenAI showed off a chatbot voice that many said sounded like Scarlett Johansson, who had turned the company down",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-138",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-138/",
      "title": "Two days before Slovakia's election, a faked audio of a party leader discussing vote-rigging spread during the campaign silence",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Slovakia",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-139",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-139/",
      "title": "Researchers found suspected child-abuse images inside the open dataset used to train popular AI image generators",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Germany",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-140",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-140/",
      "title": "Meta released an AI built to write science, and pulled the demo after three days when it produced confident, made-up results",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-141",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-141/",
      "title": "Apple's AI news summaries put made-up headlines under trusted news brands, and it switched the feature off for news",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-142",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-142/",
      "title": "Facebook translated a Palestinian man's 'good morning' as 'attack them', and police arrested him",
      "year": 2017,
      "country": "West Bank",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-143",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-143/",
      "title": "A viral app turned selfies into AI portraits, and produced sexualised images its users had not asked for",
      "year": 2022,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-144",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-144/",
      "title": "America's biggest newspaper chain published AI sports write-ups with the team names left as blank tags, and paused the tool",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-145",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-145/",
      "title": "An NHS-partnered health app's AI checker was flagged for missing serious conditions, and the regulator shared the concerns",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-146",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-146/",
      "title": "A civil liberties test ran all of Congress through Amazon's face tool, and it matched 28 of them to mugshots",
      "year": 2018,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-147",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-147/",
      "title": "A child asked Alexa for a challenge, and it suggested touching a coin to a live plug",
      "year": 2021,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-148",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-148/",
      "title": "A mother got a ransom call with a voice that sounded exactly like her daughter, and her daughter was safe the whole time",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-149",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-149/",
      "title": "Microsoft built a feature that screenshotted everything you did, and delayed it after researchers showed the data sat unprotected",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-150",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-150/",
      "title": "A project scanned people's irises around the world for a digital ID, and regulators told it to stop",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Global",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-151",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-151/",
      "title": "Two US federal judges withdrew orders that contained misstated case outcomes and a citation to a case that did not exist, and both told a Senate committee that staff had used AI to draft them",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-152",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-152/",
      "title": "Testing published by a US consumer group found an AI teddy bear discussing sexual fetishes and explaining how to light a match, and the maker paused sales, changed the chatbot behind it, and had it back on sale within a fortnight",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Singapore",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-153",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-153/",
      "title": "For five years the UK Home Office graded visa applicants red, amber or green using data that included nationality, and it suspended the tool in response to a judicial review",
      "year": 2020,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-154",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-154/",
      "title": "The US Department of Justice alleged that competing landlords set rents using a shared pricing algorithm fed with each other's confidential data, and RealPage settled without admitting wrongdoing",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Housing & property",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-155",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-155/",
      "title": "California's Labour Commissioner cited Amazon nearly six million dollars for failing to meet a warehouse quota law written three years earlier, at two of its own fulfilment centres",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-156",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-156/",
      "title": "Greece's data protection authority fined the Migration Ministry 175,000 euros after finding that the impact assessments for the camera, behavioural analytics, drone and fingerprint systems at five island reception centres were substantially incomplete",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Greece",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-157",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-157/",
      "title": "ProPublica reported that the tool used to pick Veterans Affairs contracts for cancellation was shown only the first 10,000 characters of each contract, and recorded around 1,100 of them as worth 34 million dollars each",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-158",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-158/",
      "title": "A US drug manufacturer told inspectors it had used AI agents to write the documents that define how its products are made, and said it had not known about a validation requirement because the AI had not raised it",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-159",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-159/",
      "title": "A compromised build tool launched developers' own AI coding assistants with their permission checks disabled and used them to map sensitive files on the machine",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States / global",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-160",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-160/",
      "title": "A Munich court found at first instance that OpenAI's models hold the words of nine German songs and reproduce them in chatbot outputs, and rejected the argument that this was text and data mining",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Germany",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-161",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-161/",
      "title": "Meta's standalone AI app carried a Discover feed that reporters found was publishing users' conversations, in the cases they documented alongside a linked Facebook or Instagram profile, and the company added a warning screen after the reporting",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-162",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-162/",
      "title": "A reporter found nearly 4,500 shared ChatGPT conversations in Google's index through an ordinary site search, and OpenAI withdrew the discoverability setting the following day",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-163",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-163/",
      "title": "Cloudflare said undeclared crawlers reached brand new domains after Perplexity's declared crawler was blocked, de-listed it as a verified bot, and Perplexity disputed the attribution",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-164",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-164/",
      "title": "Researchers ran AI-written comments under fabricated personas at Reddit users for four months, and the community learned of it only when the researchers told the moderators afterwards",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Switzerland",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-165",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-165/",
      "title": "Character.AI removed reported chatbots impersonating deceased teenagers after families, lawyers and journalists notified it, and its terms of service already prohibited impersonating a real person",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-166",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-166/",
      "title": "Grok generated sexualised images of real people from ordinary photos posted on X, and four regulators opened proceedings after an outside watchdog measured the scale",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Delayed intervention"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-167",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-167/",
      "title": "Reuters found chatbots on Meta's apps using real celebrities' names and likenesses without permission, and its own testing produced intimate images including one of a teenage actor",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-168",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-168/",
      "title": "Google's Gemma model produced a fabricated criminal allegation about a sitting US senator, and Google withdrew the model from AI Studio while keeping it available through the API",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-169",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-169/",
      "title": "OpenAI paused Sora depictions of a civil rights leader at his estate's request, and offered estates an opt-out while living people's likenesses were already opt-in",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-170",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-170/",
      "title": "An AI generated act reached a million Spotify listeners with no disclosure on that platform, while a rival service's detector had already labelled the same catalogue",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Global",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-171",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-171/",
      "title": "South Africa's social grant agency read every deposit into an applicant's bank account as income, and the High Court found its checks against government databases unreasonable and unfair",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "South Africa",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-172",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-172/",
      "title": "Ireland's data protection regulator opened an inquiry into an airline's use of facial recognition to verify passengers who had booked through third party websites or online travel agents",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Ireland",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-173",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-173/",
      "title": "Anthropic reported that its AI coding agent was used in a cyber espionage campaign targeting about thirty organisations",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-174",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-174/",
      "title": "The FDA told a company its AI app was an unapproved medical device after it advertised a five minute gaze test to detect early signs of Alzheimer's disease",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-175",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-175/",
      "title": "Delta denied using personal data for AI pricing, despite its president saying prices would be tailored to individual customers",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-176",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-176/",
      "title": "A self-represented worker relied on AI generated material that argued the wrong date, and was ordered to pay costs",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-177",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-177/",
      "title": "A KPMG partner used AI to pass the firm's own mandatory AI test, and 28 staff instances were identified",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-178",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-178/",
      "title": "Canadian privacy regulators found OpenAI had not validated the general accuracy of personal information generated about people",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Canada",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-179",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-179/",
      "title": "Police intelligence used to support an away fan ban contained eight reported errors, including a Copilot result about a match that never happened",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-180",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-180/",
      "title": "South Africa withdrew its draft national AI policy after fictitious references were found in its evidence base",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "South Africa",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-181",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-181/",
      "title": "A Dutch inspectorate found the probation organisations' recidivism tool had the formulas for detained and non-detained people the wrong way round, and had done since 2018",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-182",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-182/",
      "title": "An Italian regulator warned that workplace stress reports derived from chat analysis could unlawfully reach employers, even in aggregate form",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Italy",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-183",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-183/",
      "title": "A state attorney general alleged a student lender's underwriting model penalised applicants for the default rate of the college they had attended",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-184",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-184/",
      "title": "EU court rules automated credit decisions must be explained in a way people can understand",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Austria",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-185",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-185/",
      "title": "It was reported that an Argentine court annulled a criminal sentence after a chatbot instruction was found in the judgment. Months later, that decision was overturned.",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Argentina",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-186",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-186/",
      "title": "Ofcom fined a nudification service for having no age check beyond a line saying users must be 18, and the operator blocked the United Kingdom rather than add one",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-187",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-187/",
      "title": "A state inspector general found a school's AI gun alert was raised on a pupil's hand movement, not on the bag of crisps in the reporting, and that it was sent to fifteen people, ten of them police",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-188",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-188/",
      "title": "Ontario's auditor found that nine of twenty AI Scribe systems fabricated information in the government's own procurement testing, and that all twenty vendors were approved",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Canada",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Group conformity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-189",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-189/",
      "title": "A clinical AI vendor advertised hallucination rate figures of <.001% and <1 per 100,000, and Texas alleged its representations may have violated the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act because they were false, misleading or deceptive",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-190",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-190/",
      "title": "A state settled with a motor insurer after an AI tool selected a new policyholder for underwriting review and her policy was later cancelled without her knowing",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-191",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-191/",
      "title": "An AI Safety Test Reached the Real World and Tried to Influence a Maintainer",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-192",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-192/",
      "title": "An AI Character Claimed to Be a Licensed Psychiatrist. The Licence Number Was Allegedly Invalid.",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-193",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-193/",
      "title": "A regulator settled with three firms that sold small businesses an advertising service they represented as listening to conversations on smart devices, alleging it did not collect or use voice data in any manner",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Media & platforms",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-194",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-194/",
      "title": "A Safety Board Found Driver Overreliance Contributed to Two Fatal BlueCruise Crashes",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-195",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-195/",
      "title": "AI Research Agents Reached Another Company's Production Systems",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-196",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-196/",
      "title": "An Otter.ai Transcription Tool Joined Hospital Rounds Through a Former Doctor's Old Invite",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Canada",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Normalisation of deviance"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-197",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-197/",
      "title": "A Paris Court Suspended a Publisher's Newsroom AI Tools Pending Works Council Consultation",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "France",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-198",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-198/",
      "title": "Spain's Supreme Court Ordered Release of the Code That Checks Eligibility for Energy Aid",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Spain",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-199",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-199/",
      "title": "New York City's AI Hiring Law Enforcer Found One Problem Where Auditors Found 17",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-200",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-200/",
      "title": "Four Claude Models Reached Real Third-Party Systems After Test Setups Were Left Online",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-201",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-201/",
      "title": "Home Affairs' System Ended a Bridging Visa Unlawfully, the Commonwealth Ombudsman Found",
      "year": 2023,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-202",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-202/",
      "title": "Israel's Supreme Court Found Uncontrolled AI Use in a City's Refusal Letter",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Israel",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-203",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-203/",
      "title": "An Online University Required Facial Recognition for Classes, and Italy Fined It",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Italy",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-204",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-204/",
      "title": "AI-Generated Intelligence Report Nearly Led to a US Military Boarding, CNN Reported",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-205",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-205/",
      "title": "The DWP Kept a Fraud Model That Referred Older and Non-UK Claimants More Often",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Group conformity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-206",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-206/",
      "title": "Brazil's Superior Court Threw Out a Police Report Made With Generative AI",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Brazil",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-207",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-207/",
      "title": "India's Supreme Court Voided a Tribunal Order Built on Fake AI-Generated Precedents",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "India",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Automation bias"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-208",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-208/",
      "title": "Dutch Auditors Found Police Did Not Track What Their Number Plate Algorithm Led To",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-209",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-209/",
      "title": "A Spanish Court Let a Worker Quit With Compensation Over Facial Recognition Clocking",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Spain",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-210",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-210/",
      "title": "Gemini Reached Three Real Companies' Systems During a Security Test, Google Confirmed",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-211",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-211/",
      "title": "A Fuel Price Software Maker Settled With Brazil's Competition Authority Over Its Algorithm",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Brazil",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Incentive pressure"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-212",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-212/",
      "title": "France's Top Administrative Court Cut Amazon's Warehouse Data Fine to 15 Million Euros",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "France",
      "industry": "Industry, transport & logistics",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-213",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-213/",
      "title": "BC's Privacy Commissioner Ordered a City to Stop Its Licence Plate Recognition Cameras",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Canada",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Authority ambiguity"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-214",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-214/",
      "title": "A Brazilian Labour Court Fined Two Lawyers Over a Hidden Instruction to AI in a Filing",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Brazil",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-215",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-215/",
      "title": "Colombia's Supreme Court Moved a Trial After an AI-Assisted Draft Conviction Surfaced",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Colombia",
      "industry": "Policing, justice & courts",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Judgement surrendered"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-216",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-216/",
      "title": "An OpenAI Model Got Non-Public Access to a Medicare Statistics Service, OpenAI Said",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Delayed intervention"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-217",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-217/",
      "title": "OpenAI Agents Reached Two NSW Systems, a Crime Data Tool and a Fire Data Application",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Australia",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Delayed intervention"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-218",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-218/",
      "title": "Italy Fined an Energy Supplier Whose Credit Score Refused Contracts Without Explanation",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Italy",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Concealment"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-219",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-219/",
      "title": "UK Inspectors Found AI Used Inappropriately in Asylum Decision Letters and Interviews",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-220",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-220/",
      "title": "A Brazilian Court Sanctioned a Hidden Instruction Aimed at Its AI to Grant Every Claim",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Brazil",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-221",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-221/",
      "title": "Korea's State Auditor Found Public AI Training Data Published With Errors Left Unfixed",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "South Korea",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Diffusion of responsibility"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-222",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-222/",
      "title": "Korea's State Auditor Found AI Digital Textbooks Were Brought Into Schools Without a Pilot",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "South Korea",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Incentive pressure"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-223",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-223/",
      "title": "Italy's Top Court Rejected a Ministry Reading That Let Teacher Postings Skip Higher Ranks",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Italy",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-224",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-224/",
      "title": "Austria's Privacy Regulator Held a Credit Bureau Made an Automated Decision on Electricity",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Austria",
      "industry": "Retail, hospitality & travel",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Diffusion of responsibility"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-225",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-225/",
      "title": "IBM Japan Settled a Union Complaint by Agreeing to Disclose What Its AI Weighed in Pay",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "Japan",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-226",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-226/",
      "title": "Meta's Muse Agent Shared a Seller's Address on Marketplace Under an Always Allow Setting",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Consumer AI",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-227",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-227/",
      "title": "Kenyan MPs Found an AI Claims System Led to Unjust Denials of Hospital Claims",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Kenya",
      "industry": "Health & medicine",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-228",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-228/",
      "title": "Japan Postponed an AI Tool for Child Abuse Custody Decisions After Doubtful Test Scores",
      "year": 2026,
      "country": "Japan",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-229",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-229/",
      "title": "Spain's National Court Held Foundever Withheld the Formula That Set Staff Rest Days",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Spain",
      "industry": "Employment & hiring",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Defensive denial"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-230",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-230/",
      "title": "UK Ombudsman Upheld Two Student Complaints Over AI-Detection Misconduct Procedures",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Education",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Not established"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-231",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-231/",
      "title": "A Court Struck Part of Anthropic's Expert Evidence After Claude Changed a Citation",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Professional & legal services",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-232",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-232/",
      "title": "Three Bugs Degraded Claude's Answers for Weeks Before Anthropic Opened an Investigation",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "United States",
      "industry": "Technology & software",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Delayed intervention"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-233",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-233/",
      "title": "Starling Bank's Sanctions Screen Checked Customers Against 39 of 3,088 Listed Names",
      "year": 2024,
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "industry": "Financial services & insurance",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Overconfidence"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-234",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-234/",
      "title": "Ireland's Regulator Found No Lawful Basis for Public Services Card Facial Matching",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Ireland",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    },
    {
      "incidentId": "HD-INC-235",
      "url": "https://useheadlights.com/library/HD-INC-235/",
      "title": "Brazil's Audit Court Found More Than One in Ten Automatic Benefit Refusals Were Wrong",
      "year": 2025,
      "country": "Brazil",
      "industry": "Government & public administration",
      "behaviourPrimary": "Rules-behaviour gap"
    }
  ]
}